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Usage Of While

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Hi Instructors,

Request you to please clarify the doubt on usage of While-

As per rules, I know that While can be followed by Clause or by a participle. I have a question regarding the usage of "While", when followed by a participle.

A Sentence taken from MGMAT:

Many people have a disinclination to admit fault while recognizing that they can’t possibly be in the right all the time.

Quote:
Reasoning:
The –ing word there (recognizing) is just fine.
Look at this:
Many people recognize that they can’t possibly be in the right all the time.
This is correct – I just had to change the word “recognizing” to “recognize,” the appropriate verb form of the same word


Another GMAT-Prep Sentence:

A recent poll indicates that many people in the United States hold a combination of conservative and liberal political views; i.e., they denounce big government, saying government is doing too much and has become too powerful, while at the same time supporting many specific government programs for health care, education, and the environment.

Couple of Doubts on this one:
1- What is the structure of the sentence. I mean, is the phrase
while at the same time supporting many specific government programs for health care, education, and the environment
is a part of Modifier or is it attached to the Main Clause i.e to "they denounce big government". IMO, meaning wise, I found that it should go with the Main Clause. Please correct me if I am wrong.

2. Had the Sentence been-

They denounce big government while at the same time supporting many specific government programs for health care, education, and the environment

Would it be modifying pronoun "They" or the noun "Big Government", only
Please clarify.

Regards,
imhimanshu

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